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Semaglutide Legit

A documentation-grade reading of the semaglutide trial record — what STEP, SUSTAIN, SELECT, FLOW and the 2025 ESSENCE liver data actually establish, with the compounded-versus-approved-product question read in full.

SEMAGLUTIDE / SOURCES

Where Can You Read the Semaglutide Studies?

Novo Nordisk made the drug, and many teams tested it later. You’ll find their papers here, but you won’t need every lab term.

Return to the study resultsSee who runs this site

What will you find in the Semaglutide source list?

Novo Nordisk made semaglutide to improve an older drug. Pharmacokinetics means how your body handles a drug. Arcuate nucleus is a brain area; mediates means helps cause; agonist copies a hormone. Neuronal and in vivo mean nerve cells and living animals.

GABA neurotransmission means brain-chemical messages. MACE means major heart trouble; CVD means heart or blood-vessel disease. A secondary analysis reuses old results for a new question. Pharmacovigilance reviews safety reports; disproportionality flags problems named too often.

Alopecia is hair loss; telogen effluvium is loose shedding. Efficacy means how well treatment works; a meta-analysis joins studies. Letter codes name hormone landing places and hunger cells. PIONEER 6, SURMOUNT-5, and SURPASS-2 are study names; for my family, I’d read the plain result first.

  1. Sanyal AJ, et al. (ESSENCE Study Group). Phase 3 Trial of Semaglutide in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med. 2025. ↗
  2. Wilding JPH, et al. (STEP 1 Study Group). Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2021. ↗
  3. Marso SP, et al. (SUSTAIN-6 Investigators). Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016. ↗
  4. Lincoff AM, et al. (SELECT Trial Investigators). Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2023. ↗
  5. Perkovic V, et al. (FLOW Trial Committees and Investigators). Effects of Semaglutide on Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2024. ↗
  6. Mahapatra MK, Karuppasamy M, Sahoo BM. Semaglutide. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024. ↗
  7. Aroda VR, et al. Current Understanding of Sodium N-(8-[2-Hydroxylbenzoyl] Amino) Caprylate (SNAC) as an Absorption Enhancer: The Oral Semaglutide Experience. Clin Diabetes. 2023. ↗
  8. Cendrrecht R, et al. Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Semaglutide: A Systematic Review. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2024. ↗
  9. Gabery S, et al. Semaglutide lowers body weight in rodents via distributed neural pathways. JCI Insight. 2020. ↗
  10. Secher A, et al. The arcuate nucleus mediates GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide-dependent weight loss. J Clin Invest. 2014. ↗
  11. Singh I, et al. Time and metabolic state-dependent effects of GLP-1R agonists on NPY/AgRP and POMC neuronal activity in vivo. Mol Metab. 2021. ↗
  12. Chuong V, et al. The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue semaglutide reduces alcohol drinking and modulates central GABA neurotransmission. JCI Insight. 2023. ↗
  13. Garvey WT, et al. Two-year effects of semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity: the STEP 5 trial. Nat Med. 2022. ↗
  14. Weghuber D, et al. (STEP TEENS Investigators). Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adolescents with Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2022. ↗
  15. Rubino D, et al. Effect of Continued Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Placebo on Weight Loss Maintenance in Adults With Overweight or Obesity (STEP 4). JAMA. 2021. ↗
  16. Wilding JPH, et al. Weight regain and cardiometabolic effects after withdrawal of semaglutide: The STEP 1 trial extension. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022. ↗
  17. Lincoff AM, et al. In adults with overweight or obesity and CVD, but without diabetes, semaglutide reduced MACE (SELECT secondary analysis). Ann Intern Med. 2024. ↗
  18. Aronne LJ, et al. (SURMOUNT-5 Investigators). Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2025. ↗
  19. Frias JP, et al. Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (SURPASS-2). N Engl J Med. 2021. ↗
  20. Wharton S, et al. Gastrointestinal tolerability of once-weekly semaglutide 2.4 mg in adults with overweight or obesity, and the relationship between gastrointestinal adverse events and weight loss. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022. ↗
  21. Smits MM, Van Raalte DH. Safety of Semaglutide. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021. ↗
  22. A real-world disproportionality analysis of semaglutide: Post-marketing pharmacovigilance data. J Diabetes Investig. 2024. ↗
  23. Assessment of Thyroid Carcinogenic Risk and Safety Profile of GLP1-RA: A Review. Int J Mol Sci. 2024. ↗
  24. McCrimmon RJ, et al. Impact of Semaglutide on Body Composition in Adults With Overweight or Obesity. J Endocr Soc. 2021. ↗
  25. Alopecia associated with the use of semaglutide and tirzepatide: A disproportionality analysis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2025. ↗
  26. Telogen effluvium associated with weight loss and GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy. Ann Dermatol. 2024. ↗
  27. Mahapatra MK, Karuppasamy M, Sahoo BM. Semaglutide (pregnancy and washout guidance). StatPearls [Internet]. 2024. ↗
  28. Au Yeung SL, et al. Drug-Drug Interactions Between Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists and Oral Medications: A Systematic Review. Drug Saf. 2024. ↗
  29. Aroda VR, et al. PIONEER 1: Randomized Clinical Trial of the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Semaglutide Monotherapy in Comparison With Placebo in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2019. ↗
  30. Avgerinos I, et al. Efficacy, safety and cardiovascular outcomes of once-daily oral semaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020. ↗
  31. Hausner H, et al. Effect of Semaglutide on the Pharmacokinetics of Metformin, Warfarin, Atorvastatin and Digoxin in Healthy Subjects. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2017. ↗