# Semaglutide References: The Cited Literature

> The full semaglutide reference list — every trial and review cited across this documentation digest, with DOIs and PubMed links: STEP, SUSTAIN, SELECT, FLOW, ESSENCE, and safety reviews.

The complete reference register, with DOIs and PubMed identifiers for verification.

## How to read this register

Every quantitative claim in this digest is keyed to a numbered source below. Each entry carries the authors, journal, year, and a DOI or PubMed/NCBI link so the original can be retrieved and checked. The list spans the pivotal trial programs — STEP (weight), SUSTAIN and PIONEER (diabetes), SELECT and PIONEER 6 (cardiovascular), FLOW (kidney), ESSENCE (liver/MASH), and SURMOUNT-5 and SURPASS-2 (versus tirzepatide) — alongside mechanism studies, pharmacokinetic work, and dedicated safety and pharmacovigilance reviews. The complete list of cited references appears in the panel on this page.

## References

[1] Sanyal AJ, et al. (ESSENCE Study Group). Phase 3 Trial of Semaglutide in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40305708/
[2] Wilding JPH, et al. (STEP 1 Study Group). Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33567185/
[3] Marso SP, et al. (SUSTAIN-6 Investigators). Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27633186/
[4] Lincoff AM, et al. (SELECT Trial Investigators). Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37952131/
[5] Perkovic V, et al. (FLOW Trial Committees and Investigators). Effects of Semaglutide on Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38785209/
[6] Mahapatra MK, Karuppasamy M, Sahoo BM. Semaglutide. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603723/
[7] Aroda VR, et al. Current Understanding of Sodium N-(8-[2-Hydroxylbenzoyl] Amino) Caprylate (SNAC) as an Absorption Enhancer: The Oral Semaglutide Experience. Clin Diabetes. 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38230324/
[8] Cendrrecht R, et al. Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Semaglutide: A Systematic Review. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38952487/
[9] Gabery S, et al. Semaglutide lowers body weight in rodents via distributed neural pathways. JCI Insight. 2020. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32213703/
[10] Secher A, et al. The arcuate nucleus mediates GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide-dependent weight loss. J Clin Invest. 2014. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25202980/
[11] Singh I, et al. Time and metabolic state-dependent effects of GLP-1R agonists on NPY/AgRP and POMC neuronal activity in vivo. Mol Metab. 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34626854/
[12] Chuong V, et al. The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue semaglutide reduces alcohol drinking and modulates central GABA neurotransmission. JCI Insight. 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37192005/
[13] Garvey WT, et al. Two-year effects of semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity: the STEP 5 trial. Nat Med. 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36216945/
[14] Weghuber D, et al. (STEP TEENS Investigators). Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adolescents with Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36322838/
[15] Rubino D, et al. Effect of Continued Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Placebo on Weight Loss Maintenance in Adults With Overweight or Obesity (STEP 4). JAMA. 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33755728/
[16] Wilding JPH, et al. Weight regain and cardiometabolic effects after withdrawal of semaglutide: The STEP 1 trial extension. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35441470/
[17] Lincoff AM, et al. In adults with overweight or obesity and CVD, but without diabetes, semaglutide reduced MACE (SELECT secondary analysis). Ann Intern Med. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38437690/
[18] Aronne LJ, et al. (SURMOUNT-5 Investigators). Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40353578/
[19] Frias JP, et al. Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (SURPASS-2). N Engl J Med. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2107519
[20] Wharton S, et al. Gastrointestinal tolerability of once-weekly semaglutide 2.4 mg in adults with overweight or obesity, and the relationship between gastrointestinal adverse events and weight loss. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34514682/
[21] Smits MM, Van Raalte DH. Safety of Semaglutide. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34305810/
[22] A real-world disproportionality analysis of semaglutide: Post-marketing pharmacovigilance data. J Diabetes Investig. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38943656/
[23] Assessment of Thyroid Carcinogenic Risk and Safety Profile of GLP1-RA: A Review. Int J Mol Sci. 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25084346
[24] McCrimmon RJ, et al. Impact of Semaglutide on Body Composition in Adults With Overweight or Obesity. J Endocr Soc. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.030
[25] Alopecia associated with the use of semaglutide and tirzepatide: A disproportionality analysis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38925559/
[26] Telogen effluvium associated with weight loss and GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy. Ann Dermatol. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39623615/
[27] Mahapatra MK, Karuppasamy M, Sahoo BM. Semaglutide (pregnancy and washout guidance). StatPearls [Internet]. 2024. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603723/
[28] Au Yeung SL, et al. Drug-Drug Interactions Between Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists and Oral Medications: A Systematic Review. Drug Saf. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38273155/
[29] Aroda VR, et al. PIONEER 1: Randomized Clinical Trial of the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Semaglutide Monotherapy in Comparison With Placebo in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2019. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31186300/
[30] Avgerinos I, et al. Efficacy, safety and cardiovascular outcomes of once-daily oral semaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32267058/
[31] Hausner H, et al. Effect of Semaglutide on the Pharmacokinetics of Metformin, Warfarin, Atorvastatin and Digoxin in Healthy Subjects. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2017. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28349387/

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A documentation-grade reading of the semaglutide trial record — STEP, SUSTAIN, SELECT, FLOW, and the 2025 ESSENCE liver data — each finding versioned to its source and the approved-versus-compounded line drawn in full, by a publisher that prescribes nothing and sells nothing.